Introduction
Introduction
NOD-like receptors (NLRs) protein inflammatory bodies are novel pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). They form pattern recognition of innate immunity with toll-like receptors (TLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG-I) receptors (RLRs), and C-type lectin receptors(CLRs). NOD-like receptors play an important role in the field of innate immunity, and NLR, as a class of intracellular pattern recognition receptor, has also received increasing attention in the field of immunological tolerance.
NLR family
NLR, a nucleotide-binding oligomeric domain receptor, is a class of PRR that is widely present in the cytoplasm of innate immune cells. It consists of three domains, including a C-terminal Leucine-rich repeat domain (LRR) that mediates a ligand protein, a central nucleic acid binding domain with an ATPase domain (Nucleotide-binding domain, NBD) and a N-terminal domain that binds downstream molecules. At present, 22 members have been found in the NLR family, and their LRRs and NBD are basically the same (except for NLRP10 lacking LRRs). However, the N-terminal domain is heterogeneous and is divided into five subfamilies. Most NLRs contain 1 to 2 caspase-activation and recruitment domains(CARD) or Pyrin domain (PYD). The former belongs to the NLRC subfamily and includes two NOCL (nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD) protein) and three NLRC proteins. The latter belongs to the NLRP subfamily and includes 14 NLRP proteins. It is worth noting that the NLRP protein is called Neutrophilic apoptosis LRR pyrin domain protein (NALP), and the two nomenclatures are common. There are also a small number of NLRs containing a Baculovirus inhibitor of apoptosis protein repeat (BIR), which is called Neutrophilic apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP), belonging to the NLRB subfamily. The NLR-containing mitochondrial targeting sequence is called the NLRX protein and belongs to the NLRX subfamily. The NLRA protein of the NLRA subfamily, also known as Class II transactivator (C IITAs), has a domain between the CARD and NACHT domains that is still unclear and can be activated by an acidic environment. It is called Acidic activation domain (AD).
Figure 1. Schematic representation of individual NLR domains
In the NLRC subfamily, the N-terminal CARD domain of NOD protein binds to and activates the silk-threonine kinase RIP2, which phosphorylates IκB. In turn, the transcription factor NF-κB is activated to mediate the expression of downstream inflammatory cytokines via the NF-κB signaling pathway and the MAPK signaling pathway. It has recently been reported that NOD protein also activates caspase and ATG16L proteins, mediating apoptosis and autophagy.
Return to Signaling Pathway
Research Areas Related Targets Featured Products
Cancer NOD-like Receptors CP-456773 sodium
Infection Toll-like Receptor Golotimod
Alzheimer's disease CTLA4 Alantolactone
Neurological Disease Caspase 1 Nifuroxazide
Cancer Immunotherapy Caspase Ursolic acid
Inflammation/Immunology TNF-alpha Andrographolide
Cardiovascular and blood system Pim Emodin
Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease EGFR A-1155463
NOD-like receptors (NLRs) protein inflammatory bodies are novel pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). They form pattern recognition of innate immunity with toll-like receptors (TLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG-I) receptors (RLRs), and C-type lectin receptors(CLRs). NOD-like receptors play an important role in the field of innate immunity, and NLR, as a class of intracellular pattern recognition receptor, has also received increasing attention in the field of immunological tolerance.
NLR family
NLR, a nucleotide-binding oligomeric domain receptor, is a class of PRR that is widely present in the cytoplasm of innate immune cells. It consists of three domains, including a C-terminal Leucine-rich repeat domain (LRR) that mediates a ligand protein, a central nucleic acid binding domain with an ATPase domain (Nucleotide-binding domain, NBD) and a N-terminal domain that binds downstream molecules. At present, 22 members have been found in the NLR family, and their LRRs and NBD are basically the same (except for NLRP10 lacking LRRs). However, the N-terminal domain is heterogeneous and is divided into five subfamilies. Most NLRs contain 1 to 2 caspase-activation and recruitment domains(CARD) or Pyrin domain (PYD). The former belongs to the NLRC subfamily and includes two NOCL (nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD) protein) and three NLRC proteins. The latter belongs to the NLRP subfamily and includes 14 NLRP proteins. It is worth noting that the NLRP protein is called Neutrophilic apoptosis LRR pyrin domain protein (NALP), and the two nomenclatures are common. There are also a small number of NLRs containing a Baculovirus inhibitor of apoptosis protein repeat (BIR), which is called Neutrophilic apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP), belonging to the NLRB subfamily. The NLR-containing mitochondrial targeting sequence is called the NLRX protein and belongs to the NLRX subfamily. The NLRA protein of the NLRA subfamily, also known as Class II transactivator (C IITAs), has a domain between the CARD and NACHT domains that is still unclear and can be activated by an acidic environment. It is called Acidic activation domain (AD).
Figure 1. Schematic representation of individual NLR domains
In the NLRC subfamily, the N-terminal CARD domain of NOD protein binds to and activates the silk-threonine kinase RIP2, which phosphorylates IκB. In turn, the transcription factor NF-κB is activated to mediate the expression of downstream inflammatory cytokines via the NF-κB signaling pathway and the MAPK signaling pathway. It has recently been reported that NOD protein also activates caspase and ATG16L proteins, mediating apoptosis and autophagy.
Return to Signaling Pathway
Research Areas Related Targets Featured Products
Cancer NOD-like Receptors CP-456773 sodium
Infection Toll-like Receptor Golotimod
Alzheimer's disease CTLA4 Alantolactone
Neurological Disease Caspase 1 Nifuroxazide
Cancer Immunotherapy Caspase Ursolic acid
Inflammation/Immunology TNF-alpha Andrographolide
Cardiovascular and blood system Pim Emodin
Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease EGFR A-1155463
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